What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder that affects social interaction, communication, and behavior. The term “spectrum” in ASD highlights the wide range of symptoms and their severity, which can vary greatly from person to person. Autism is often characterized by difficulties in understanding and responding to social cues, restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior or interests, and in some cases, challenges with verbal and non-verbal communication.
The exact cause of autism is still not fully understood, but it is believed to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Autism is typically diagnosed in early childhood, as many of the signs and symptoms become more apparent during developmental stages.
Historic or Current Terms Relative to Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Autistic Disorder: Also known as classic autism, this is what most people think of when they hear the word “autism.” It’s characterized by significant language delays, social and communication challenges, and unusual behaviors and interests. Many people with autistic disorder also have intellectual disability.
- Asperger’s Syndrome: Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome usually have milder symptoms of autistic disorder. They might have social challenges and unusual behaviors and interests. However, they typically do not have problems with language or intellectual disability.
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS): This category is used to describe individuals who meet some, but not all, of the criteria for autistic disorder or Asperger’s syndrome. PDD-NOS is usually marked by fewer and milder symptoms, which may only affect social interaction and communication.
- Childhood Disintegrative Disorder: This rare condition is characterized by the late onset of developmental delays—or a sudden reversal of early normal development—usually between ages 2 and 4.
- Rett Syndrome: Primarily affecting girls, Rett syndrome is characterized by normal early growth and development followed by a slowing of development, loss of purposeful use of the hands, distinctive hand movements, slowed brain and head growth, problems with walking, seizures, and intellectual disability.
The Different Ways Autism is Treated
Treatment for autism is highly individualized, depending on the severity of the symptoms and the needs of the individual. Common treatment methods include:
- Behavioral and Communication Approaches: This includes Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which focuses on teaching specific behaviors through reinforcement, and developmental models that focus on developing relationships.
- Dietary Approaches: Some people with ASD may have improvement in symptoms with dietary changes, though this approach is somewhat controversial and should be undertaken with the guidance of a healthcare professional.
- Medication: There are no medications that can cure ASD or treat its core symptoms, but certain medications can help control symptoms. For instance, medication might help manage high energy levels, inability to focus, depression, or seizures.
- Occupational Therapy: This helps to develop skills for everyday tasks and to foster independence.
- Speech Therapy: This helps to improve communication skills, allowing individuals with ASD to express themselves better.
- Physical Therapy: Aimed at improving motor skills and enhancing physical coordination.
- Social Skills Training: This involves teaching individuals with ASD how to interact more effectively with others and is often beneficial for school-aged children.
- Specialized Therapies: Some individuals may benefit from music therapy, art therapy, or animal-assisted therapy.